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Art movement

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History of art
Periods and movements
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An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific art philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered a new avant-garde movement. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality (figurative art). By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new style which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy (abstract art).[1]

Concept

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According to theories associated with modernism and also the concept of postmodernism, art movements are especially important during the period of time corresponding to modern art.[2] The period of time called "modern art" is posited to have changed approximately halfway through the 20th century and art made afterward is generally called contemporary art. Postmodernism in visual art begins and functions as a parallel to late modernism[3] and refers to that period after the "modern" period called contemporary art.[4] The postmodern period began during late modernism (which is a contemporary continuation of modernism), and according to some theorists postmodernism ended in the 21st century.[5][6] During the period of time corresponding to "modern art" each consecutive movement was often considered a new avant-garde.[5]

Also during the period of time referred to as "modern art" each movement was seen corresponding to a somewhat grandiose rethinking of all that came before it, concerning the visual arts. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works and artists included in an art movement. Verbal expression and explanation of movements has come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto,[7][8] and sometimes from art critics and others who may explain their understanding of the meaning of the new art then being produced.

In the visual arts, many artists, theorists, art critics, art collectors, art dealers and others mindful of the unbroken continuation of modernism and the continuation of modern art even into the contemporary era, ascribe to and welcome new philosophies of art as they appear.[9][10] Postmodernist theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era.[11][12] There are many theorists however who doubt as to whether or not such an era was actually a fact;[5] or just a passing fad.[6][13]

The term refers to tendencies in visual art, novel ideas and architecture, and sometimes literature. In music it is more common to speak about genres and styles instead. See also cultural movement, a term with a broader connotation.[citation needed]

As the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix (for example cubism and futurism), they are sometimes referred to as isms.

19th century

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20th century

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1900–1921

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1920–1945

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1940–1965

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Arshile Gorky, The Liver is the Cock's Comb (1944), oil on canvas, 731⁄4 × 98" (186 × 249 cm) Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gorky was an Armenian-born American painter who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends."[15]

1965–2000

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21st century

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mel Gooding, Abstract Art, Tate Publishing, London, 2000
  2. ^ Man of his words: Pepe Karmel on Kirk Varnedoe — Passages – Critical Essay Artforum, Nov, 2003 by Pepe Karmel
  3. ^ The Originality of the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths Rosalind E. Krauss, Publisher: The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 9, 1986), Part I, Modernist Myths, pp.8–171
  4. ^ The Citadel of Modernism Falls to Deconstructionists, – 1992 critical essay, The Triumph of Modernism, 2006, Hilton Kramer, pp 218–221.
  5. ^ a b c Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture Charles Jencks
  6. ^ a b William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-century Thought, University of Chicago Press, 1997, p4. ISBN 0-226-22480-5
  7. ^ "Poetry of the Revolution. Marx, Manifestos, and the Avant-Gardes" introduction, Martin Puchner Archived 2005-12-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 4, 2006
  8. ^ "Looking at Artists' Manifestos, 1945–1965", Stephen B. Petersen Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 4, 2006
  9. ^ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism Archived 2019-09-01 at the Wayback Machine, seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006
  10. ^ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism Archived 2019-09-01 at the Wayback Machine, William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, Oct 31, 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism Retrieved October 26, 2011
  11. ^ Ideas About Art by Desmond, Kathleen K. [1], John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148
  12. ^ International postmodernism: theory and literary practice, Bertens, Hans [2], Routledge, 1997, p.236
  13. ^ "The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 | Philosophy Now". philosophynow.org. Archived from the original on 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  14. ^ "National Gallery of Art". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
  15. ^ Willem de Kooning (1969) by Thomas B. Hess
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