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Vanessa Bell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the American actress, see Vanessa Bell Calloway.

Vanessa Bell
Portrait of Vanessa Bell (1916)
by Roger Fry
Born
Vanessa Stephen

(1879-05-30)30 May 1879
London, England
Died7 April 1961(1961-04-07) (aged 81)
Charleston Farmhouse, Sussex, England
Alma materKing's College London
Occupation(s)Painter, interior designer
Spouse
​
(m. 1907)​
Children
Parents
Relatives

Vanessa Bell (née Stephen; 30 May 1879 – 7 April 1961) was an English painter and interior designer, a member of the Bloomsbury Group and the sister of Virginia Woolf (née Stephen).

Early life and education

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Vanessa Bell (1902; age 23)
See also: Julia Stephen and Virginia Woolf

Vanessa Stephen was the elder daughter of Sir Leslie Stephen and Julia Prinsep Duckworth.[1] The family included her sister Virginia, brothers Thoby (1880–1906) and Adrian (1883–1948), half-sister Laura (1870–1945) whose mother was Harriett Thackeray and half-brothers George and Gerald Duckworth; they lived at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Westminster, London. She was educated at home in languages, mathematics and history, and took drawing lessons from Ebenezer Cook before she attended Sir Arthur Cope's art school in 1896. She then studied painting at the Royal Academy in 1901.[2]

Later in life, she said that during her childhood she had been sexually abused by her half-brothers, George and Gerald Duckworth.[3]

Personal life

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Lady Ottoline Morrell, Maria Nys (later Huxley), Lytton Strachey, Duncan Grant, Vanessa Bell (1915).

After the deaths of her mother in 1895 and her father in 1904, Vanessa sold 22 Hyde Park Gate and moved to Gordon Square in Bloomsbury with her sister Virginia and brothers Thoby and Adrian.[4] Thoby began inviting his Cambridge friends to 'at-homes' on Thursday evenings.[5] These social gatherings at Vanessa's home on Gordon Square led to the formation of the Bloomsbury Group, which included: Lytton Strachey, Desmond MacCarthy, Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Roger Fry, and Duncan Grant.[6]

In 1907, Vanessa married Clive Bell.[7] They had two sons, Julian (who died in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War at the age of 29)[1] and Quentin. The couple had an open marriage, both taking lovers throughout their lives. Vanessa Bell had intimate relationships with art critic Roger Fry and with the painter Duncan Grant,[1] with whom she had a daughter, Angelica in 1918, whom Clive Bell raised as his own child.[8]

Firle Parish Churchyard (2017).

Vanessa, Clive, Duncan Grant, and Duncan's lover David Garnett moved to the Sussex countryside shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, and settled at Charleston Farmhouse near Firle, East Sussex. John Maynard Keynes was also a close friend and frequent member of the household, until his marriage to Lydia Lopokova, whom Bell disliked.[9]

At Charleston, Bell and Grant painted and worked on commissions for the Omega Workshops, established by Roger Fry. Her first solo exhibition was at the Omega Workshops in 1916.[10]

On 7 April 1961, Vanessa Bell died from a brief illness at Charleston, Firle and was buried in the Firle Parish Churchyard. When Duncan Grant died in 1978, he was buried next to her.[11]

Art

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Jean de Menasce, Vanessa Bell, Duncan Grant, Eric Siepmann (1922).
First edition dust jacket of Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs Dalloway, 1925; cover art by Vanessa Bell.

In 1906, when Bell started to think of herself as an artist, she formed the Friday Club to create a place in London that was more favourable to painting.[12] Vanessa was encouraged by the Post-Impressionist exhibitions organised by Roger Fry, and she copied their bright colours and bold forms in her artworks. In 1914, she turned to Abstraction.[13]

Bell rejected the examples of Victorian narrative painting and rejected a discourse on the ideal and aberrant qualities of femininity. She also designed book jackets for all of her sister Virginia's books that were published by Virginia and Leonard Woolf's publishing company, the Hogarth Press.[14]

Bell is one of the most celebrated painters of the Bloomsbury group. She exhibited in London and Paris during her lifetime, and has been praised for innovative works and for her contributions to design.[15]

The Tub (1917). Tate Museum, London.

Bell's paintings include Studland Beach (1912),[16] The Tub (1918), Interior with Two Women (1932), and portraits of her sister Virginia Woolf (three in 1912), Aldous Huxley (1929–1930) and David Garnett (1916). Bell also worked with Duncan Grant to create murals for Berwick Church in Sussex (1940–42).[17]

In 1932, Bell and Grant were commissioned to produce a dinner service for Kenneth Clark.[18] With oversight from Kenneth's wife Jane Clark, they produced the Famous Women Dinner Service: 50 plates painted with portraits of notable women throughout history. The collection eventually passed on to a private collector, and passed out of public view until 2017. The full collection was exhibited in London in early 2018.[19]

Exhibitions

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In the summer of 1909, Iceland Poppies (1908) was exhibited at the New English Art Club. It was praised by Walter Sickert and marks Bell's artistic maturity.[12]

Designs for a Screen: Figures by a Lake (1912), gouache on board, was influenced by Nabis paintings by Édouard Vuillard and Maurice Denis and might have been a part of Bell's exhibit Design for Screen, which was shown at the Friday Club Exhibition in February 1912.[20]

In 1916, Bell's first solo exhibition was held in the Omega Workshop in London, a prominent place for exhibitions which supported young artists and introduced design work to the public. Bell had become a co-director of the Omega Workshop in 1913.[21]

Design for Overmantel Mural (1913), oil on paper, depicts herself and Molly MacCarthy naked in Bell's studio at 46 Gordon Square.[citation needed]

Street Corner Conversation (also created in 1913) features four individuals in conversation amidst massive geometrical forms.[citation needed]

Summer Camp (1913), oil on board, illustrates a summer camp organized at Brandon on the Norfolk-Suffolk border near Thetford.[citation needed]

By the Estuary (1915), oil on canvas, is a modestly scaled landscape showing her fondness for clarity of design in which segments of contrasting color harmonize.[citation needed]

Nude with Poppies (1916), oil on canvas, is a preliminary design for a headboard which Bell painted for Mary Hutchinson.[citation needed]

In 1920, she painted a mysterious, narrative painting, “The Party,” which she exhibited in May 1922 at the prestigious London Group Exhibition but was “not for sale.” The painting was prominently illustrated and praised in British Vogue, June 1922, but then disappeared for 61 years until sold by the Anthony d’Offay Gallery from the estate of Virginia Woolf with the title of “Mrs. Dalloway’s Party.” It is unknown who retitled it, and Woolf’s novel, Mrs Dalloway, was not published until 1925. Bell created the cover art for the first edition dust jacket of that novel.

In 2021, Bell was one of four featured women artists at an exhibition at the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle.[22][23]

A 2024 exhibition at the MK Gallery in Milton Keynes, A World of Form and Colour, focused on the Famous Women Dinner Service, a series of hand-painted plates by Bell and Duncan Grant depicting prominent women, and one man (Grant himself).[24]

Media portrayal

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Bell was portrayed by Janet McTeer in the Dora Carrington biopic Carrington (1995) and by Miranda Richardson in the film The Hours (2002).[citation needed]

Bell is the subject of the Susan Sellers novel Vanessa and Virginia (2010) and of the Priya Parmar novel Vanessa and Her Sister (2014). She was portrayed by Phoebe Fox and Eve Best in the BBC mini-series Life in Squares (2015).[25]

Bell was portrayed by Emerald Fennell in the film Vita and Virginia (2018).[26][user-generated source]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Jones, Marnie (Winter 1985). "Review: Her Own Story". The American Scholar. 54 (1): 130. JSTOR 41211148.
  2. ^ "Archive Journeys: Bloomsbury Art: Vanessa Bell | Tate". www.tate.org.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  3. ^ Dunn, Jane. (1990) A Very Close Conspiracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 20-21. ISBN 9780224022347
  4. ^ Spalding, Frances (1983). Vanessa Bell. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. p. 44.
  5. ^ Spalding, Frances (1983). Vanessa Bell. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. p. 49.
  6. ^ Spalding, Frances (2005). The Bloomsbury Group. London: National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 11.
  7. ^ Spalding, Frances (1983). Vanessa Bell. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. p. 61.
  8. ^ Archive Journeys: Bloomsbury
  9. ^ Mackrell, Judith (17 October 2013). Bloomsbury ballerina : Lydia Lopokova, imperial dancer and Mrs John Maynard Keynes. Orion. ISBN 978-1-78022-708-5. OCLC 893656800.
  10. ^ Shone, Richard. (1999) The Art of Bloomsbury Roger Fry, Vanessa Bell, and Duncan Grant. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 137-138. ISBN 0691049939.
  11. ^ Spalding, Frances (1997). Duncan Grant. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 506. ISBN 0-7011-3409-7.
  12. ^ a b Frances Spalding. "Bell, Vanessa". Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  13. ^ Chilvers, Ian. "Bell, Vanessa". The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  14. ^ Catlin, Roger. "A sister's bookish art for her sister, Virginia's, publishing company, the Hogarth Press". Washington Post.
  15. ^ Elinor, Gillian (1984). "Vanessa Bell and Dora Carrington: Bloomsbury Painters". Woman's Art Journal. 5 (1): 28–34. doi:10.2307/1357882. ISSN 0270-7993.
  16. ^ Tickner 1999.
  17. ^ "Introduction to the Berwick Murals". Berwick Church. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  18. ^ Leaper, Hana (30 November 2017). "The Famous Women Dinner Service: A Critical Introduction and Catalogue". British Art Studies (7). doi:10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-07/hleaper. ISSN 2058-5462. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  19. ^ "Decades Before Judy Chicago's 'The Dinner Party,' Virginia Woolf's Sister Made a Set of Dinner Plates Celebrating 50 Historic Women | artnet News". artnet News. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  20. ^ Shone, Richard. The Art of Bloomsbury. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1999.
  21. ^ Spalding, Frances (1983). Vanessa Bell. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 122. ISBN 0-297-78162-6.
  22. ^ "Challenging Convention | What's on | Laing Art Gallery".
  23. ^ "Challenging Convention at Newcastle's Laing Art Gallery places spotlight on four outstanding woman artists". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  24. ^ Buchan, Kit (5 October 2024). "'A great work of feminist art': how the Bloomsbury group's Famous Women Dinner Service got a place at the table". The Observer. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  25. ^ "BBC2: Life in Squares: Credits – Episode 1". BBC Online. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  26. ^ "Vita & Virginia (2018) - IMDb". IMDb.

Bibliography

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