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Deutsche Bahn

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Not to be confused with Deutsche Bank or DB Bahn.

Deutsche Bahn AG
Company typeState-owned enterprise (Aktiengesellschaft)
IndustryRail transport, Logistics
PredecessorsDeutsche Reichsbahn (1920–1949)
Deutsche Bundesbahn (1949–1994)
Deutsche Reichsbahn (1949–1994)
Founded1 January 1994; 30 years ago (1994-01-01)
HeadquartersBahntower,
Berlin
,
Germany
Area served
Europe
Key people
Richard Lutz [de], CEO
ProductsRail transport, cargo transport, services
RevenueIncrease €56.3 billion (2022)[1]: 52 
Decrease €227 million (2022)[1]: 52 
OwnerGovernment of Germany (100%)
Number of employees
324,136 (2022)
Websitewww.deutschebahn.com Edit this at Wikidata

The Deutsche Bahn AG (IPA: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈbaːn]; abbreviated as DB or DB AG) is the national railway company of Germany, and a state-owned enterprise under the control of the German government. Headquartered in the Bahntower in Berlin, it is a joint-stock company (AG) and the largest railway company in the world.[2][3][4]

DB was founded after the merger between the Deutsche Bundesbahn and the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1994 after the unification of Germany and has been operating ever since. Deutsche Bahn is the second-largest transport company in Germany, after the German postal and logistics company Deutsche Post / DHL. DB provides both long-distance and regional transport, serving around 132 million long distance passengers and 1.6 billion regional passengers in 2022. In 2022, DB transported 222 million tons of cargo.[5]

Company profile

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Bahntower at Potsdamer Platz in Berlin houses the headquarters of DB.

The group is divided into several companies, including DB Fernverkehr (long-distance passenger), DB Regio (local passenger services) and DB Cargo (rail freight). The Group subsidiary DB Netz also operates large parts of the German railway infrastructure, making it the largest rail network in Europe.

The company generates about half of its total revenue from operating rail transport, with the other half of the business comprising further transport and logistics businesses, as well as various service providers. The company generates further revenue through public transport contracts and support services for infrastructure maintenance and expansion. The Deutsche Bahn Group is divided into various organizational units that perform their tasks with subsidiaries.

Rail transport

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DB Personenverkehr is the unit that manages passenger travel within Germany. Originally called Reise & Touristik (English: Travel and Tourism), this group is responsible for the managing, servicing and running of German passenger services. This group is divided into DB Fernverkehr and DB Regio.

DB Fernverkehr

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Main article: DB Fernverkehr
A Siemens ICE 3 long-distance high-speed train of DB Fernverkehr

DB Fernverkehr AG is a semi-independent division of Deutsche Bahn that operates long-distance passenger trains in Germany. It was founded in 1999 in the second stage of the privatisation of German Federal Railways under the name of DB Reise & Touristik and renamed in 2003.

DB Fernverkehr operates all Intercity Express and Intercity trains in Germany as well as in some neighboring countries and several EuroCity and EuroCityExpress trains throughout Europe. Unlike its sister companies DB Regio and DB Cargo, DB Fernverkehr still holds a de facto monopoly in its segment of the market as it operates hundreds of trains per day, while all competitors' long-distance services combined amount to no more than 10–15 trains per day.

Additionally DB Fernverkehr operated a few long-distance coach services throughout Germany, called IC Bus, which since have been terminated.

DB Regio

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Main article: DB Regio
A Bombardier Twindexx regional train of DB Regio

DB Regio AG is the subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn that operates passenger trains on short and medium distances in Germany. Unlike its long-distance counterpart, DB Fernverkehr, it does not operate trains on its own account. Traffic is ordered and paid for by the Bundesländer (states) or their respective regional train operation supervisors.

Some states have awarded long-term contracts to DB Regio (usually 10 to 15 years), in others, DB Regio's operations are decreasing, in North Rhine-Westphalia, their market share is expected to be lower than 50%. DB Regio rail services are divided into several regional companies:

The bus services consist of 25 bus companies, which have subsidiary companies themselves.

Logistics

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Main article: DB Cargo
Freight train from DB Cargo in Germany

The Transport and Logistics division acted in the market with the business units DB Schenker and DB Cargo, which were combined under the umbrella of DB Schenker, and the Intermodal division, which operates in combined transport. In 2016, rail freight transport was separated from logistics and DB Schenker Rail was renamed DB Cargo.

In cooperation with the logistics provider time:matters, DB also offers the transport of shipments weighing up to 20 kg on its EC/IC/ICE trains.[6]

Infrastructure

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DB InfraGO

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The infrastructure division was divided into the DB Netz (rail infrastructure), DB Station&Service (stations and services) and DB Energie (Energy) business units. At the end of December 2023, DB Netz merged with DB Station&Service to create DB InfraGO AG. The new company is intended to reduce poor communication between the two previously separate infrastructure firms and to be more 'oriented towards the common good.' In fact, that is what the GO in InfraGO stands for in German: 'Gemeinwohlorientierte.' [7]

DB Engineering & Consulting

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DB Engineering & Consulting, which is responsible for construction supervision, construction planning and maintenance, is also assigned to this department without being part of a business area. Via its subsidiary DB Engineering & Consulting, DB signed a memorandum of understanding with Iranian rail operator Bonyad Eastern Railways (BonRail) in May 2017 and shortly after a consulting contract with Islamic Republic of Iran Railways; both projects were abandoned after the United States imposed new sanctions against Iran and said firms doing business with Iran would be barred from doing business with the United States.[8]

The California High-Speed Rail Authority's (CHSRA) board approved on 15 November 2017 an early train operator contract with DB Engineering & Consulting USA.[9] The firm is the U.S. arm of Deutsche Bahn AG. As early train operator, DB Engineering & Consulting will assist CHSRA with planning, designing and implementing the state's high-speed rail program.

Foreign ventures

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Arriva

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Deutsche Bahn purchased Arriva in August 2010 off the London Stock Exchange.[10][11] To satisfy the European Commission, Arriva's German operations were rebranded Netinera and sold.[12] As of July 2022, Arriva operated 15,700 buses and 800 railway vehicles in 14 European countries, mainly in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[13] In 2019, Deutsche Bahn unsuccessfully tried to sell the business.[14] In October 2023, Deutsche Bahn agreed on terms to sell Arriva to I Squared Capital, with the transaction scheduled to be completed in 2024.[15] The sale was completed on 4 June 2024 at a reported price of £1.4bn.[16]

DB Cargo UK

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DB also has interests abroad, owning the United Kingdom's largest rail freight operator, DB Cargo UK, which also operates the British Royal Train[17] and also has interests in Eastern Europe. It is possible to obtain train times for any journey in Europe from Deutsche Bahn's website.[18]

Trans-Eurasia Logistics

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Trans-Eurasia Logistics is a joint venture with Russian Railways (RŽD) that operates container freight trains between Germany and China via Russia.[citation needed]

History

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See also: History of rail transport in Germany

Background: the Deutsche Reichsbahn

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Main article: Deutsche Reichsbahn

The railway network in Germany dates back to 1835 when the first tracks were laid on a 6 km (3.7 mi) route between Nuremberg and Fürth. The Deutsche Reichsbahn operated from 1920[19] through the Weimar and Nazi eras until 1949,[20] when it was split between East and West Germany into two successor entities, Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahn, respectively.[21] They remained separate throughout the Cold War era division of Germany, and joined after the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, and German reunification in 1990. On 1 January 1994 Deutsche Reichsbahn and Deutsche Bundesbahn were merged to form one company, Deutsche Bahn, the successor organisation to the Reichsbahn.[22][23][24][25] At the same time, Deutsche Bahn adopted its current logo and DB abbreviation. Kurt Weidemann modernised the logo and typographer Erik Spiekermann designed a new corporate font known as DB Type. When Deutsche Bahn was formed in January 1994, it became a joint stock-company, and was designed to operate the railways of both the former East and West Germany after unification in October 1990 as a single, uniform, and private company.[26] There are three main periods of development in this unified German railway: its formation, its early years (1994–1999), and the period from 1999 to the present.

Originally, DBAG had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main but moved to Potsdamer Platz in central Berlin in 1996, where it occupies a 26-storey office tower designed by Helmut Jahn at the eastern end of the Sony Centre and named Bahntower. As the lease was to expire in 2010, DB had announced plans to relocate to Berlin Hauptbahnhof, and in 2007 a proposal for a new headquarters by 3XN Architects won an architectural competition which also included Foster + Partners, Dominique Perrault and Auer + Weber.[27] However, these plans were put on hold due to the financial crisis of 2008, and the Bahntower lease was extended.[28] Construction of the new headquarters building was started in 2017 under the title "Cube Berlin" according to the designs by 3XN. Finished in February 2020, the Cube will house the legal offices of Deutsche Bahn, but not become the main headquarters.[29]

1999 to present

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The second step of the Bahnreform (railway reform) was carried out in 1999. All rolling stock, track, personnel, and real assets were divided between the subsidiaries of DBAG: DB Reise & Touristik AG (long-distance passenger service, later renamed DB Station & Service AG (operating the stations)). This new organisational scheme was introduced not least to implement European Community directive 91/440/EEC that requires open access operations on railway lines by companies other than those that own the rail infrastructure.

In December 2007, DB reorganised again, bringing all passenger services into its DB Bahn arm, logistics under DB Schenker and infrastructure and operations under DB Netze.

The DB is owned by the Federal Republic. By the Constitution, the Federal Republic is required to retain (directly or indirectly) a majority of the infrastructure (the present DB Netze) stocks.

In 2008, it was agreed to "float" a portion of the business, meaning an end to the 100% share the German Federal Republic had in it, with a plan that 25% of the overall share would be sold to the private sector.[30] However the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–08 saw this cancelled.[31]

In 2014, the Jewish community of Thessaloniki demanded that the Deutsche Bahn, which is the successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, should reimburse the heirs of Greek Holocaust victims of Thessaloniki for train fares that they were forced to pay for their deportation from Thessaloniki to Auschwitz and Treblinka between March and August 1943.[32][33]

In June 2018 controversy grew in the United Kingdom over widespread cancellations of railway services and numerous delayed services operated by Deutsche Bahn in Britain, under its Northern brand. This resulted in Britain's Minister of Transport, Chris Grayling, setting up an enquiry into whether the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary had breached its contractual agreement to provide railway services in the north of England. He warned that if the company was found to be in breach of its contractual agreements it could be banned from running railway services in the United Kingdom.[34]

The rail carrier reported a €1 billion half year net loss stemming from investments to repair its rail network, strikes and bad weather in July of 2024. As a result, Deutsche Bahn announced that they would shed 30,000 administrative jobs, roughly equal to 9% of their workforce.[35]

In September 2024, the company came to an agreement with DSV of Denmark, a logistics company; in the agreement, DSV will acquire Schenker from Deutsche Bahn for $15.84 billion.[36][37]

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  • 1 April 1920 to 26 April 1945, operating as Deutsche Reichsbahn
    1 April 1920 to 26 April 1945,
    operating as Deutsche Reichsbahn
  • 30 August 1924 to 31 December 1993, operating as Deutsche Reichsbahn. This mark was used in tandem with the previous logo until April 1945.
    30 August 1924 to 31 December 1993,
    operating as Deutsche Reichsbahn.
    This mark was used in tandem with the previous logo until April 1945.
  • 10 October 1946 to 31 December 1993, operating as Deutsche Bundesbahn
    10 October 1946 to 31 December 1993,
    operating as Deutsche Bundesbahn
  • Current logo, in use since 1 January 1994, operating as Deutsche Bahn
    Current logo, in use since 1 January 1994,
    operating as Deutsche Bahn

Train categories

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Trains in Germany are classified by their stopping pattern, average speed and level of comfort provided:[38]

Long-distance trains

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  • ICE (Intercity-Express) for high-speed long-distance train services between major cities and regions. Certain routes also cross European borders into the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland and Austria.
  • EC (EuroCity) for intercity trains that cross borders, and connect Germany with other countries. Can also be operated by foreign state railways.
  • IC (InterCity) for long-distance semi-high-speed services that connect regions and cities. IC services are slightly lower in class than ICE services, with trains reaching lower speeds (average around 160 – 220 km/h) and with more frequent stops. On some IC routes the trains use legacy railway lines instead of the high-speed lines the ICE takes. International IC services are usually operated as EuroCity.

Just as ICE, EC and (few) IC cross European borders, train categories of other operators cross into Germany and are operated in cooperation with Deutsche Bahn:

  • ECE for international high-speed rail services in cooperation with SBB. Currently two routes (Frankfurt-Milan and Munich-Zurich).
  • TGV in cooperation with SNCF from France to Frankfurt and Munich via Stuttgart.
  • Railjet from Austria to Munich and Frankfurt in cooperation with ÖBB and from Prague to Berlin in cooperation with ČD.

Regional trains

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  • IRE (Interregio-Express) are longer distance RE trains that connect regions and cities. On most routes they serve as slower IC trains. IRE trains only exist in Baden-Württemberg and formerly on the Hamburg–Berlin route.
  • RE (Regional-Express) serve regions and connects cities, and do not stop at every station on the route.
  • RB (Regionalbahn) stop at all stations on the route (except where S-Bahn is available) and are often the most basic train service available.
  • S (S-Bahn) is a type of rapid transit for larger cities and stop at all stations. S-Bahn operate high-frequency services and are usually characterised by crossing through the city centre with dense station spacing.[39]

There are several other operators in Germany which sometimes offer other categories, also, a local transport authority or tariff associations might brand the trains in a different way than DB does. For example, in the Nuremberg region, RE and RB trains are not differentiated, but called R instead. In some regions, such as Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg, private operators do use the RE and RB labels, in others, such as Saxony, they do not. In online and print information systems of DB, private trains officially labelled RB and RE by their operators, might get a different label, for example "ABR" for trains operated by Abellio, though on platforms, trains and maps or timetables issued by the local transport authority overseeing regional train services, these abbreviations usually do not appear.

Former categories

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  • D (D-Zug or Schnellzug, abbreviated from Durchgangszug) was the express train category and used to be the highest train category. It was replaced by IC and the even faster ICE. The trains of the SyltShuttle plus car shuttle service connecting the island of Sylt with the mainland are still officially referred to as D trains
  • E (Eilzug) was the semi-fast service offering faster journeys than normal passenger trains but not at such long distances and speed as D trains, though there were some quite long running E trains. No direct successor, would be located between RE and IC.
  • IR (InterRegio), set between RE and IC was meant to connect cities and regions at a lower price, but also be used for local traffic. Replaced partly by IC, RE and IRE.
  • MET (Metropolitan) was a luxury train service between Hamburg and Cologne. The two special MET train sets are now used for IC and ICE services, and does still have a comfort level above the regular IC and ICE coaches.
  • N (Nahverkehrszug), the most basic form of train service stopping at all stations. When all local train services were vertaktet, i.e. operating at a fixed interval (mostly one train per hour), they were rebranded as RB.
  • SE (Stadt-Express) operated as a mixture of RE and RB: trains skipped many stations in urban areas but made all stops in the countryside. Rebranded as RE and RB. In some regions, such as Rhine-Main (Frankfurt, Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund), the local transit authority advertised trains as SE. Internally, DB classified them as either RE or RB, but even DB trains display "SE" on their destination boards. This ceased in December 2016.

Tickets

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DB offers two different pricing models for single or return tickets for routes that include long-distance trains:

  • The Flexpreis (originally Normalpreis): gives full flexibility, i.e., all trains on the given date can be used on the chosen route. This price is independent of the time of purchase for a given route and tickets are reimbursable prior to the day of departure.
  • The Sparpreis and Super-Sparpreis are generally cheaper tickets that must be purchased in advance and are only valid for a specific connection. Supersparpreis prices for long-distance journeys start at €17.90 and Sparpreis at €21.90, but may climb close to the Flexpreis prices closer to departure and at busier dates and routes. Stopovers during travel are possible within a day and if the travel ends until 10:00 a.m. the next day, but then the long-distance trains to be used after the stopover must also be fixed in advance. Planned stopovers may sometimes help to circumvent times of day with higher occupancy and higher prices. Sparpreis tickets are partially reimbursable, but only against vouchers for the next travel.

Ticket prices generally rise degressively over distance, particularly for Sparpreise and Supersparpreise. Therefore, putting connecting local trains or excursions planned for the next morning on the same ticket is usually of advantage. Seat reservations are included only for first class tickets and seating capacity is not always assured, even for tickets valid on one particular connection only.

Local trains (S, RB, RE, IRE) also accept tickets issued by local transport associations, which can also be used on buses, trams, and U-Bahn trains.

DB offers concessionary fares with the BahnCard discount cards, which are available as BahnCard 25 (25% discount on Flexpreis and Sparpreis), BahnCard 50 (50% discount on Flexpreis and 25% discount on Sparpreis), and BahnCard 100 (unlimited travel on all Deutsche Bahn trains, a few private train companies and also in many local transport associations).

Other special tickets, such as the Länder-Tickets ("state tickets"), which give unlimited journeys on local trains and in many transport associations within a state, and Interrail are also available. These Länder-Tickets offer group tickets, where up to five people can travel on a single ticket.[40]

Regular travellers usually use weekly, monthly or annual passes for their connection or region; day or sometimes weekend passes exist in local transport primarily.

The price system applies to some international destinations from Germany similarly, when bought at Deutsche Bahn, but it is often advisable to compare prices of the respective train operators involved.

Incidents

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Deutsche Bahn AG. "Annual Report 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Global 500 2023". Fortune. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Members to the Supervisory Board of Deutsche Bahn AG". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012.
  4. ^ "Deutsche Bahn AG at a glance". Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009.
  5. ^ "Deutsche Banh Facts and Figures 2022" (PDF). Deutsche Bahn. 27 July 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Deutsche Bahn: ic:kurier - Zustellung am gleichen Tag". www.bahn.de. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  7. ^ "Neue Bahngesellschaft InfraGo kann zu Jahresbeginn Arbeit aufnehmen". Handelsblatt (in German). 27 December 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  8. ^ Gernot Heller and Douglas Busvine (16 August 2018), German rail operator, Deutsche Telekom end Iran projects Reuters.
  9. ^ "Rail News - California high-speed rail agency selects German firm as early train operator. For Railroad Career Professionals". Progressiverailroading.com. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  10. ^ EC approves DB's takeover of Arriva Railway Gazette International 11 August 2010
  11. ^ Scheme of arrangement becomes effective Arriva 27 August 2010
  12. ^ New Name for Arriva Deutschland Today's Railways Europe issue 185 May 2011 page 8
  13. ^ Countries Arriva
  14. ^ Canary Wharf investors bid for Arriva Coach & Bus Week issue 1399 25 June 2019 page 7
  15. ^ DB sells Arriva to One Square Capital International Railway Journal 19 October 2023
  16. ^ Deutsche Bahn's sale of Arriva confirmed
  17. ^ Macalister, Terry (28 June 2007). "Deutsche Bahn to run Queen's train". The Guardian.
  18. ^ Tickets - Timetable Archived 7 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "Verordnung zur Schaffung eines Unternehmens Deutsche Reichsbahn". 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  20. ^ Mierzejewski, Alfred C. (30 March 2014). The Most Valuable Asset of the Reich: A History of the German National Railway, Volume 1, 1920-1932. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-2020-6.
  21. ^ "Vielfältige Informationen zu Eisenbahn, Verkehrsgeschichte und Technikgeschichte aus dem Zeitraum 1919 bis 1945. Epoche II". 8 April 2006. Archived from the original on 8 April 2006. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  22. ^ "Neckties from the GDR's Deutsche Reichsbahn and the Deutsche Bahn AG, 1993/1994". technikmuseum.berlin. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  23. ^ "Im Dienst von Demokratie und Diktatur". DB Museum. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  24. ^ Paterson, Tony (2 April 2012). "German railway fears flood of lawsuits over Holocaust trains". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. The German railway company Deutsche Bahn has engaged a New York law firm to fight off compensation claims that it might face under proposed legislation enabling Holocaust victims and their relatives to sue for damages in US courts. The state-owned network is the main successor to the Nazi-run Deutsche Reichsbahn which, along with other railways in German-occupied Europe, deported millions of Jews to death camps during the Second World War.
  25. ^ "Holocaust survivor launches legal claim against German railway". The Guardian. London. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2021. The scale of the Holocaust was only possible due to the efficiency and scale of the German railways. In January 1943, the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, wrote to Albert Ganzenmüller, the secretary of state for transport and the deputy director of the Reichsbahn, pleading for more train stock. "If I have any hope of quickly dealing with matters, I must have more haulage trains. Help me to get more," he said. Ganzenmüller, an early member of the Nazi party, was the only member of the railway to go on trial. On his first day in court in 1973 he had a heart attack and was declared medically unfit. He died in 1996. After the war, the German Democratic Republic in East Germany took over the name of the Deutsche Reichsbahn for its railway system. Today's Deutsche Bahn was created in 1994 after German reunification and the East German railway's merger with the West German Deutsche Bundesbahn.
  26. ^ "The foundation of Deutsche Bahn AG". Deutsche Bahn AG. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  27. ^ "Competition win for 3XN". World Architecture News. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  28. ^ "Deutsche Bahn verwirft Pläne für Umzug". www.ftd.de. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  29. ^ Jürgens, Isabell (19 February 2020). ""Cube Berlin" – Europas schlauestes Gebäude geht in Betrieb". www.morgenpost.de (in German). Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  30. ^ "Partial sale of DB agreed" Railway Gazette International May 2008 page 289
  31. ^ "DB flotation on hold" Railway Gazette International November 2008 page 843
  32. ^ One way tickets Thessaloniki – Auschwitz Archived 8 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, June 2015
  33. ^ Zug der Erinnerung/Thessaloniki Zug der Erinnerung (non-government organisation "Train of Commemoration").
  34. ^ Gwyn Topham; Helen Pidd; Pippa Crerar (4 June 2018). "Northern and GTR could be barred from rail franchises". The Guardian. London.
  35. ^ "Deutsche Bahn to cut 30,000 jobs after billion-euro first-half net loss". Reuters. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  36. ^ Chirls, Stuart (13 September 2024). "Schenker buy makes DSV a forwarder colossus". FreightWaves. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  37. ^ Jacobsen, Stine; Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob; More, Rachel (18 September 2024). "DSV to create global logistics giant with $15.9 billion Schenker takeover". Reuters. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  38. ^ "Produktübersicht" on DB AG website
  39. ^ "S-Bahn (Germany)". ShowMeTheJourney. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  40. ^ "Regional Tickets". Deutsche Bahn. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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