Non-aggression pact
A non-aggression pact or neutrality pact is a treaty between two or more states/countries that includes a promise by the signatories not to engage in military action against each other.[1] Such treaties may be described by other names, such as a treaty of friendship or non-belligerency, etc. Leeds, Ritter, Mitchell, & Long (2002) distinguish between a non-aggression pact and a neutrality pact.[2] They posit that a non-aggression pact includes the promise not to attack the other pact signatories, whereas a neutrality pact includes a promise to avoid support of any entity that acts against the interests of any of the pact signatories. The most readily recognized example of the aforementioned entity is another country, nation-state, or sovereign organization that represents a negative consequence towards the advantages held by one or more of the signatory parties.[2]
History
[edit]In the 19th century neutrality pacts have historically been used to give permission for one signatory of the pact to attack or attempt to negatively influence an entity not protected by the neutrality pact. The participants of the neutrality pact agree not to attempt to counteract an act of aggression waged by a pact signatory towards an entity not protected under the terms of the pact. Possible motivations for such acts by one or more of the pacts' signatories include a desire to take, or expand, control of economic resources, militarily important locations, etc.[2]
The 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany is perhaps the best-known example of a non-aggression pact. The Pact lasted until the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.[1] However, such pacts may be a device for neutralising a potential military threat, enabling at least one of the signatories to free up its military resources for other purposes. For example, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact freed German resources from the Russian front. On the other hand, the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, signed on April 13, 1941, removed the threat from Japan in the east enabling the Soviets to move large forces from Siberia to the fight against the Germans, which had a direct bearing on the Battle of Moscow.
The Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) dataset records 185 agreements that are solely non-aggression pacts between 1815 and 2018.[3] According to this data, 29 such pacts were recorded in the interwar period with spikes in occurrences in 1960, 1970, 1979, and especially the early 1990s where a number of Eastern European states signed pacts following the fall of the Soviet Union.[4]
States with a history of rivalry tend to sign non-aggression pacts in order to prevent future conflict with one another. The pacts often facilitate information exchange which reduce uncertainty that might lead to conflict. Additionally, the pact signals to third party nations that the rivalry has reduced and that peaceful relations is desired.[4] It has been found that major powers are more likely to start military conflicts against their partners in non-aggression pacts than against states that do not have any sort of alliance with them.[1]
List of non-aggression pacts
[edit]
Other usage
[edit]The term has colloquial usage outside the field of international relations. In the context of association football, the term can imply a deliberate lack of aggression between two teams, such as at the Disgrace of Gijón, which, in Germany, is known as the Nichtangriffspakt von Gijón (lit. "Non-aggression pact of Gijón").[20] A non-aggression pact can also be a formal agreement or gentlemen's agreement limiting transfers for players between two or more clubs.[21][22]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Krause, Volker; Singer, J. David (2001). "Minor Powers, Alliances, and Armed Conflict: Some Preliminary Patterns" (PDF). In Reiter, Erich; Gärtner, Heinz (eds.). Small States and Alliances. Bundesheer: Physica-Verlag HD. pp. 15–23. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-13000-1_3. ISBN 978-3-662-13000-1.
- ^ a b c Leeds, Brett; Ritter, Jeffrey; Mitchell, Sara; Long, Andrew (2002-07-01). "Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815-1944". International Interactions. 28 (3): 237–260. doi:10.1080/03050620213653. ISSN 0305-0629. S2CID 154842700.
- ^ Leeds, Brett Ashley. "Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) Codebook Version 5.0". ATOP Project. Department of Political Science, Rice University. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
- ^ a b Lupu, Yonatan; Poast, Paul (2016-05-01). "Team of former rivals: A multilateral theory of non-aggression pacts". Journal of Peace Research. 53 (3): 344–358. doi:10.1177/0022343316630782. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 147877066.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 108, pp. 188-199.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 157, pp. 372.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 148, pp. 114-127.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 131, pp. 298-307.
- ^ Andrew Wheatcroft, Richard Overy (2009). The Road to War: The Origins of World War II. Vintage Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 9781448112395.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 148, pp. 320-329.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 165, p. 274.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 161, p. 230.
- ^ R. J. Crampton (1997). Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After. Routledge Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 9780971054196.
- ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 181, pp. 102-105.
- ^ Douglas M. Gibler (2008). International Military Alliances, 1648-2008. CQ Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1604266849.
- ^ "The Franco-German Declaration of December 6th, 1938". Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 197, p. 38.
- ^ a b R. J. Crampton (1997). Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After. Routledge Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 9781134712212.
- ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 203, p. 422.
- ^ "World Cup stunning moments: West Germany 1-0 Austria in 1982 | Rob Smyth". the Guardian. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
- ^ 9SportPro (2017-07-09). "How the Madrid clubs broke their pact for youngster Theo Hernandez". Retrieved 2021-06-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Sergio Ramos and Lucas Vazquez renewals at a standstill| All Football". AllfootballOfficial. Retrieved 2021-06-26.