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List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom

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This is a list of natural disasters in the United Kingdom.

Key to background colours
Geological event
Cold weather event
Hot weather event
High winds event
Wet weather event
Famine
Sickness epidemic
Year Disaster event Notes; disaster type, people killed, region affected, etc.
75,000–70,000 BP Prolonged volcanic winter Long lasting volcanic winters following the Toba catastrophe have been hypothesised to have killed every human not living in Africa at the time.[1]
6100 BC Tsunami Caused by the Storegga Slide, struck east Scotland with 70-foot (21 m) wave after undersea landslip off Norway.[2]
535–536 Severe cooling The most severe cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years, likely caused crop failures and freezing for the Anglo-Saxons.[3]
10th century Regular heatwaves Extended droughts with regularity: also through the period summers lasted half a year and were often warm or very warm – some notably extreme summers.[4]
1014 Floods Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: "And in this year on St Michael's Eve [28 September], that great sea-flood came widely throughout this country, and ran further inland than it ever did before, and drowned many settlements and a countless number of human beings."[5]
1091 London tornado Two deaths, the early London Bridge, 600 houses, many churches (inc. St Mary-le-Bow) demolished.
1235 Famine England; 20,000 die in London alone.[6]
1252–53 Both dry years and excessive heat Considered by some (e.g. Brooks), as the driest pair of consecutive years known in the record. The summer (and possibly the spring in London/south) of 1252 was outstandingly dry/hot, with the ensuing drought ruining crops and many people died from the excessive heat. Spring/summer 1253 was also noted as dry/hot London/south.[7][8]
1287 St. Lucia's flood Not known by that name, the flood killed hundreds in England. This flood, along with the South England flood of February 1287, contributed to the decline of Dunwich as a major port.
1315–17 Great Famine Throughout Europe.
1324 10 years of hot summers Drought in summer (London/south). Possibly the start of 10 or so years of warm, often dry summers.[9]
1348–1350s Black Death in England Killed around 50% of the population.
1360s Black Death in England Killed a further 20% of the population.
1485–1551 Sweating sickness Sporadic outbreaks kill many thousands.
1540–41 Great heat and drought Dry, in 1538–39. In 1540–41, the River Thames was so low that seawater extended above London Bridge. Reports at the time suggest that there were many deaths due to the 'Ague', and 1540 is described in contemporary chronicles as the 'Big Sun Year'.[10]
1580 Dover Straits earthquake Estimated to have been 5.3–5.9 ML. Two deaths in England.
1607 Bristol Channel floods 30 January 1607 (possible tsunami). Flooding in the Bristol Channel hit Carmarthenshire, Glamorgan, Monmouthshire, Devon, and Somerset.
1623–24 Famine Said to be the last peace-time famine in England.
1638 The Great Thunderstorm Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, four killed and 60 injured.
1665 Great Plague of London Bubonic plague killed an estimated 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.
1665 Derby plague The bubonic plague spread north, but was stalled by the famous quarantine of Eyam.
1665–66 Long drought followed by a hot summer Every month from November 1665 to September 1666 was dry. The climatological summer (June, July and August) of 1666 was amongst the top 10 or so of warm summers in the Central English Temperatures (CET) series (began 1659). CET also suggests that July 1666 had a mean value of 18 °C (64 °F), and August was 17 °C (63 °F). The heat and long drought added to a heightened risk of fire in populated areas. Lack of rain and hot temperatures helped spark the Great Fire of London.[11] As a result, this year saw an end to the Great Plague of London due to extreme heat and fire.
1690s Famine Known as the seven ill years, it occurred throughout Scotland, killing 15% of the population.
1697 Hertfordshire Hailstorm The most severe hailstorm ever documented in the UK, travelling 25 km from Hitchin (Hertfordshire) to Potton (Oxfordshire). At least 1 person was killed. Hailstones as large as bowling balls caused severe damage to homes.[12]
1703 Great Storm Up to 15,000 deaths, ships lost, mass damage to buildings and trees.
16th – 18th centuries Little Ice Age Long-lasting period of lower-than-normal average temperatures.
1709 Great Frost Extremely cold winter, temperatures as low as −12 °C (10 °F) on 5 January.
1729 Tornado Bexhill-on-Sea struck by a waterspout that came ashore.
1755 Tsunami Following the Lisbon earthquake, Cornwall was struck by a 10 ft (3.0 m) wave.
1770 Flooding and storms In August throughout southern England. A flood was thought to have occurred in Lynmouth, Devon in 1769 and the date may have transposed to 1796.[13]
1783 "Laki haze" Sulphurous gas from an eruption in Iceland suffocates more than 10,000 in Britain,[14] followed by about 8,000 deaths in winter.
1816 Year Without a Summer Caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, crops devastated, unknown thousands die.
1831–50 Cholera pandemic Part of the 1829–1851 cholera pandemic, beginning in London, 55,000 die in outbreaks across England and Wales.
1836 Lewes avalanche Lewes, the only major avalanche recorded in England.[15][16][17][18]
1840s Highland Potato Famine Starvation events. Very few deaths, however 200,000 were said to have emigrated.
1848 Moray Firth fishing disaster 100 fishermen and 124 boats lost at sea during a storm in Scotland.
1852 Holmfirth Flood Bilberry Reservoir embankment collapses, causing 81 deaths and a large amount of damage to property.
1859 Royal Charter Storm Named for the Royal Charter the storm, which lasted for two days, sank 133 ships killing 800.
1864 Great Sheffield Flood A flood that devastated parts of Sheffield on 11 March 1864, when a new reservoir was being filled for the first time. It killed at least 240 people.
1871 Great Gale Occurring in the North Sea on 10 February 1871, it killed at least 50 people.
1879 Tay Bridge disaster A European windstorm on 28 December 1879 caused the Tay Rail Bridge to collapse, killing between 60 and 75 people.
1881 Eyemouth disaster 189 fishermen died during a storm in Scotland.
1881 Blizzard of January 1881 Around 100 die in one of the most severe blizzards ever to hit the southern parts of the United Kingdom.
1884 Colchester earthquake Several people killed and 1,200 buildings destroyed in Essex.
1894–95 Severe winter Conditions were such that many people died of hypothermia or respiratory conditions.
1911 UK heatwave Heatwave lasted from early July to mid-September. Newspapers ran deaths by heat columns.
1913 UK tornado outbreak The 1913 United Kingdom tornado outbreak was a series on tornados on 27 October, particularly in England and Wales. This day was the only known time in British history where two tornados exceed F3 on the Fujita Scale. One tornado in Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil resulted in hundreds of injuries and six deaths and is the deadliest-known tornado to occur in the UK. The damage caused was around £100,000.
1918–19 Flu pandemic Worldwide influenza pandemic nicknamed The Spanish Flu.
1920 Louth flood A severe flash flooding event in the Lincolnshire market town of Louth which caused 23 fatalities in 20 minutes.
1928 Thames flood A disastrous flood of the River Thames in London. 14 drowned and thousands were made homeless.
1931 Dogger Bank earthquake At 6.1 on the Richter Scale, it was the largest earthquake in British history, but caused only minor damage as it was offshore.
1946–47 Severe winter Right after WWII, blizzards block roads and cause blackouts, resulting in industrial stagnation. Followed by heavy flooding in March, causing £250–375 million of damage.
1952 Lynmouth Flood 34 people were killed, with a further 420 made homeless. Over 100 buildings were destroyed.[19][20][21][22]
1953 North Sea flood 307 were killed in the United Kingdom, in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex.
1955 UK heatwave Heatwave and drought throughout the country.
1962 Great Sheffield Gale High winds affected much of the United Kingdom, causing particular devastation in Sheffield, killing nine people.[23]
1962–63 Severe winter Coldest winter for hundreds of years, temperatures as low as −16 °C (3 °F).
1968 July 1968 England and Wales dust fall storms Dust from the Sahara desert causes extremely heavy rain and hail, causing widespread damage across Wales and western and northern England.
1968 Great Flood Flooding causes extensive damage to Southern England.[24]
1968 Scotland Hurricane Hurricane-force winds cause 20 deaths in the Central Belt of Scotland. In Glasgow alone, over 300 houses were destroyed and 70,000 homes were damaged. Electrical power also failed in Glasgow, leaving the whole city in darkness. In total, the storm felled 8,000 hectares of forest across Scotland (1.6 million cubic metres of timber). The storm, which affected Northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland, received little attention from the BBC or the national press.[25]
1976 Gale of January 1976 The gale of 2–5 January resulted in severe wind damage across western and central Europe and coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts. At the time, this was the most severe storm over the British Isles.
1974–76 Two-year drought and 1976 British Isles heatwave 1974-1975 was the mildest winter in England and Wales since 1869. However, during the first few days of June 1975, in and around London snow and sleet occurred. During the next week maximum temperatures of 27 °C (81 °F) were recorded each day across the country.[26] The summer of 1976 experienced five days of temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) somewhere in the UK. Between 23 June to 7 July, temperatures in London and other parts of Southern England reached above 32 °C (90 °F) for 15 consecutive days. The weather was settled and temperatures were above average, with many short and long periods of above 30 °C (86 °F) heat, between mid June to mid September. In 1976, the country suffered forest fires, grass fires and water shortages. Summer 1976 was followed by an extremely unsettled Autumn.
1978 North Sea storm surge A storm surge which occurred over 11–12 January caused extensive coastal flooding and considerable damage on the east coast of England between the Humber and Kent. Locally severe flooding occurred in Lincolnshire, The Wash, north Norfolk and Kent. Improvements in flood protection following the devastating flood of 1953 meant that the catastrophic losses seen during that storm were not repeated. The storm caused severe damage to many piers along the east coast of England.
1981 UK tornado outbreak The 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak is regarded as the largest tornado outbreak in European history. 104 confirmed tornadoes touched down across Wales and central, northern and eastern England. 8 injuries were recorded but there were no casualties.
1981-now AIDS outbreak The first case of AIDS in the United Kingdom was reported in December 1981. The patient was a 49-year-old gay man who regularly visited Florida and was referred to a London hospital with opportunistic infections. The first UK death from AIDS was in London in July 1982, and was attributed to Terry Higgins, who was one of the first people in the UK to die of an AIDS-related illness. Millions of people from 1981-now have died from this plague
1987 Great Storm After Michael Fish famously forecast "very windy" weather mainly over France, an unusually strong storm occurred in October 1987, with wind speeds widely over 100 mph (160 km/h) along England's southern coastline, and which killed 18 people in England. The great storm caused substantial damage over much of Southern England, downing an estimated 15 million trees (including six of the seven eponymous oaks in Sevenoaks).
1990 Burns' Day Storm Winds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) kill 47 people and cause £3.37 billion worth of damage, the most costly weather event for insurers in British history.
1990–91 Severe winter Periods of heavy snow and rainstorms lasting from December 1990 to February 1991 throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and Western Europe. About 42 people died, almost all in the UK and Ireland.
1991–92 New Year's Day Storm The most violent winds ever successfully recorded unofficially hit the Northern isles of Scotland, with winds exceeding 200mph (320 km/h), leading to the deaths of 2 people in Unst, Shetland and 1 person in Frei, Norway.
1998 Easter floods At the start of Easter 1998 (9–10 April) a stationary band of heavy rain affected the Midlands. This resulted in floods in which five people died and thousands had to be evacuated from their homes. The wettest area, with over 75 mm (3.0 in), stretched from Worcestershire towards The Wash and the flooded towns included Evesham, Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon, Bedford, Northampton and Huntingdon. On Maundy Thursday (9 April), thundery rain in the south of England moved northwards and became slow-moving from East Anglia through the Midlands to north Wales. This band gave some very heavy downpours with hail and thunder. On Good Friday (10th) the band rotated slowly anticlockwise spreading to Lincolnshire and the West Country and continued to rotate, with sleet and heavy bursts of rain in places. There was sleet and snow across the Pennines and north Wales during the evening.[27]
2000 Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods Severe flooding hit many parts of the UK. Among the worst hit were York, Kent (incl. Maidstone), Sussex (incl. Lewes and Uckfield) and Shrewsbury.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
2002 Glasgow floods 200 people immediately evacuated, and the water supply for 140,000 people was affected.
2003 European heatwave More than 2,000 people may have died in the UK alone as a result of the hottest summer recorded in Europe since 1540. Temperatures remained above 30 °C (86 °F) for 10 days, between 3 and 13 August. The highest temperature known and accepted was recorded at Faversham, Kent on 10 August when it reached 38.5 °C (101.3 °F). The death toll across Europe as a result of the heatwave was eventually estimated at 70,000.[35]
2004 Boscastle flood Boscastle and Crackington Haven, two villages in Cornwall, were heavily damaged due to flash floods.
2005 Cyclone Gudrun Significant flooding was seen in Cumbria, which was the hardest hit area in the UK, and affected more than 3,000 properties.[36]
2005 Birmingham Tornado 30 injuries caused by the tornado, which uprooted trees, destroyed roofs and picked up cars, causing £40 million in damage.
2006 London Tornado Only one injury, but £10 million of damage caused.
2007 Storm Kyrill Hurricane-force winds across British Isles, at least 11 people dead.
2007 UK floods Killed 13 people. Gloucestershire suffered many road and rail closures, power cuts and evacuations, with 420,000 inhabitants left without drinking water requiring emergency assistance from the army. Other areas heavily affected included Yorkshire, Hull and Worcestershire. The disaster is estimated to have caused £6 billion of damage.
2008 Floods River Wansbeck bursts its banks causing damage to 995 properties costing £40 million. Flooding across the Midlands and North East England associated with a slow moving front of the low pressure system Mattea.[37]
2009 Swine flu pandemic The 2009 flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. First cases confirmed 27 April 2009 in passengers returning from Mexico. 392 people were confirmed to have died in the UK.
2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods Strong winds and heavy rain across the United Kingdom with the worst flooding concentrated in Cumbria. Four people were killed as a direct result of the flooding.[38]
2009 Feb 2009 snowfall 55 cm (22 in) of snow in places, causing at least four deaths and an estimated £1.3 billion in damages.
2009–10 Severe winter Reported[citation needed] to be the coldest weather since 1987. About 22 people died[clarification needed][Vague,should be easy to find source for such a claim].
2010–11 Severe winter The winter of 2010–2011 brought heavy snowfalls, record low temperatures, travel chaos and school disruption to Great Britain and Ireland. It included the UK's coldest December since Met Office records began in 1910, with a mean temperature of −1 °C (30 °F), breaking the previous record of 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) in December 1981.
2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods A series of low pressure systems steered by the jet stream bring the wettest April in 100 years, and flooding across Britain and Ireland. Continuing through May and leading to the wettest beginning to June in 150 years, with flooding and extreme events occurring periodically throughout Britain and parts of Western Europe. On 9 June, severe flooding began around Aberystwyth, West Wales with people evacuated from two holiday parks. 150 people saved by lifeboats with 4–5 ft (1.2–1.5 m) of water. On 28 June, a large low-pressure area moved across Northern Ireland. Its fronts brought heavy rain and large hail to many areas in England. One man died from the storm.
2012–13 Swansea measles epidemic Beginning in November 2012, there were a total of 1,219 cases of measles across Wales. 88 people were hospitalised during the epidemic and one person died.[39]
2013 St. Jude storm Torrential rain and winds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) hit the south of England and Wales. 600,000 homes were left without power, and five people were killed. In Europe, another six people were killed by the same storm.
2013 British Isles heatwave An extra 760 deaths were reported in the UK. In Ireland, the heatwave indirectly caused 30 deaths by drowning.
2013 Cyclone Xaver On 5 December 2013, a large depression that passed eastwards over Scotland brought strong northerly winds along the eastern coast of Britain. This coincided with the spring tide and caused a large tidal surge to affect large swathes of the east coast. Many settlements along the coast were severely flooded, with sea defences breached in many locations.
2013–14 Winter storms During the winter of 2013–14, the British Isles were in the path of several winter storms, which culminated in serious coastal damage and widespread persistent flooding. The storms brought the greatest January rainfall in Southern England since at least the year records began in 1910. The season saw persistent flooding on the Somerset Levels with recurrent fluvial flooding in Southern England of the non-tidal Thames, Severn and in Kent, Sussex and Hampshire and the Stour in Dorset. Briefer coastal flooding and wave battering damage took place in exposed parts of Dorset, Devon and Cornwall.
2015–16 GB and Ireland floods Flooding in Cumbria, Yorkshire, southern Scotland and parts of Ireland.
2017 Hurricane Ophelia During the autumn of 2017, Ireland and the United Kingdom were hit by Hurricane Ophelia, which had completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone shortly before its landfall in Ireland and subjected the island to hurricane-force winds. Three people were killed by fallen trees in Ireland and 22,000 people were left without electricity. This also cut off internet for some households across the UK.
2018 Cold wave Britain and Ireland were struck by a cold wave which began on 22 February and would affect most of Europe. Officially named Anticyclone Hartmut, the cold wave brought unusually low temperatures and heavy snowfall to the UK and would later combine with Storm Emma which would make landfall over South West England and Southern Ireland on 2 March. The lowest temperature recorded was −14.7 degrees Celsius in Cairn Gorm. The cold spell was nicknamed the Beast from the East. 17 people in total died from this cold wave, with 95 casualties across Europe. This spell of cold weather cost £1.2 billion in damages.
2018 Heatwave Summer 2018 was the fifth hottest in the CET records back to 1659, with the period May–July being the hottest such period on record.[40] During this period there was very little rainfall, with particularly low totals in North West England and South East England. Some places had more than 54 consecutive days without rainfall.[41] This led to the 2018 United Kingdom wildfires. The dry weather continued into the autumn, with most places seeing less than 90% of average rainfall between September and November.[42] By November 2018, Northern England, the Northern Midlands, Eastern England and some parts of East Anglia were still ranked as 'severely dry'.[43]
2018 Wildfires From June 2018, many destructive wildfires struck the United Kingdom; the most prolonged and severe of these were in England, with some fires burning for over a month.[44]
2019–20 Floods Flooding in much of England in November. 2019 was the wettest year on record across parts of the Midlands, Central and Northern England.[45] Storm Ciara and Storm Dennis caused more flooding in February.
2020– COVID-19 pandemic Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, originating in China, has caused over 188 million cases and more than 4 million deaths globally as of July 2021.[46] The United Kingdom recorded more than 22 million cases and 178,064 COVID-19 deaths as of May 2022.[47]
2021 European floods Heavy rainfall on 12 July resulted in more than the average monthly rainfall total to be recorded in a 24-hour period across parts of the country. London Fire Brigade received over 1000 calls relating to flooding, and Thames Water more than 2500 calls, as sewers filled up and flooded.[48] There was also flooding in Southampton.[49] By 14 July, the low pressure system moved over mainland Europe.
2022 Storm Eunice Three deaths, many injuries, as many as 1.4 million homes without power, widespread destruction and over £360 million in damage.

See also

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References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Ruggeri, Amanda (29 March 2016). "Storegga Slide impact on Scotland". BBC Earth. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  3. ^ Gibbons, Ann (15 November 2018). "Why 536 was the worst year to be alive". Science Magazine. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  4. ^ "751_999". booty.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2017.
  5. ^ Swanton, Michael, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (revised paperback ed.). London, UK: Phoenix. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-84212-003-3.
  6. ^ Bartholomew, James (8 August 2004). "Poor studies will always be with us". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
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  11. ^ "1650_1699". booty.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
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  13. ^ Clark, C. (2001). "Great storms and floods over southern England, August 1770". Weather. 56 (10): 327–337. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..327C. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06504.x. S2CID 119787871.
  14. ^ "Volcano 'drove up UK death toll'". 25 May 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
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  18. ^ "About Lewes". May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  19. ^ "On This Day: 1952: Flood devastates Devon village". BBC. 16 August 1952. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
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  21. ^ "The 1952 Flood Disaster in Context". Exmoor National Park. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  22. ^ Joint, Laura. "Lynmouth flood disaster". BBC. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  23. ^ Eden, Philip. "THE SHEFFIELD GALE OF 1962" (PDF). Royal Meteorological Society. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Hundreds homeless after flood havoc". The Times. 16 September 1968. p. 1.
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  30. ^ Kelman, Ilan (2002). "The Autumn 2000 Floods in England" (PDF). The Martin Centre, University of Cambridge. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  31. ^ "U.K. Floods, October 13–14, 2000: Examination of U.K. Flood Damage During Increased Rainfall in October 2000" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  32. ^ "THE LEWES FLOOD OF OCTOBER 2000" (PDF). Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  33. ^ "Flood Report: March 2001" (PDF). Environment Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  34. ^ "The wet autumn of 2000". Met Office. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  35. ^ Robine, Jean-Marie; Cheung, Siu Lan K.; Le Roy, Sophie; Van Oyen, Herman; Griffiths, Clare; Michel, Jean-Pierre; Herrmann, François Richard (February 2008). "Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331 (2): 171–178. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001. PMID 18241810.
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  37. ^ "England struck by flash flooding". BBC. 6 September 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  38. ^ Laing, Aislinn; Stokes, Paul; Bunyan, Nigel (20 November 2009). "Cumbria floods". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
  39. ^ "Measles Outbreak: Data". www.wales.nhs.uk. Public Health Wales.
  40. ^ "Mean CET ranked coldest to warmest from 1659 to 2021". Met Office.
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  49. ^ Clark, Katie (12 July 2021). "Flooding in Southampton after heavy rain". Daily Echo. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
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