Voiced postalveolar affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠˔
dɹ̝˗
Audio sample
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Voiced postalveolar affricate
Voiced postalveolar affricate
dʒ
ʤ
IPA number	104 135
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d͡ʒ
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA	dZ or d_rZ
Image

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A4 ʤ LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр/ajër	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ/jána	[d͡ʒaːna]^ⓘ	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ/ûnjera	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[1]	جَـرَس/jaras	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Arabic	Hejazi	جــيب/jēb	[d͡ʒe̞ːb]	'pocket'	Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	ջուր/jur	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
Armenian	Western	ճանճ/janj	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'musca (fly)'
Assyrian		ܓ̰ܝܪܐ jyara	[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]	'to pee'	Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		can	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'
Bengali		জল/jol	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		джудже/džudže	[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]	'dwarf'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan		jutge	[ˈʒud͡ʒə]	'judge'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		джерво / jyerwo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	重 / zon	[d͡ʒõ]	'heavy'
Coptic		ϫⲉ/je	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		džbán	[d͡ʒbaːn]	'jug'	See Czech phonology
Dhivehi		ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu	[d͡ʒaraːsiːmu]	'germs'	See Dhivehi phonology
Dutch		jeans	[d͡ʒiːns]	'jeans'	Some say [ʒiːns]
English		jeans	[ˈd͡ʒiːnz]	'jeans'	See English phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Estonian		džäss	[ˈd̥ʒæsː]	'jazz'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology
Finnish		džonkki	[ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi]	'junk (ship)'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French		adjonction	[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]	'addition'	Rare. See French phonology
Georgian^[3]		ჯიბე/jibe	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard^[4]	Dschungel	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Goemai		^{[example needed]}	[d͡ʒaːn]	'twins'
Hebrew	Standard	ג׳וק/juk	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hebrew	Temani	גָּדוֹל‎/jaďol	[d͡ʒaðol]	'big, great'	Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš. See Yemenite Hebrew
Hindustani	Hindi	जाना/jānā	[d͡ʒäːnäː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	جـانا/jānā	[d͡ʒäːnäː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian		jarak	[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]	'distance'
Italian^[5]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
Kabyle		lǧiran	[id͡ʒiræn]	'the neighbors'
Kashubian^[6]		^{[example needed]}
Kurdish	Northern	cîger	[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]	'lung'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	جــەرگ	[d͡ʒɛɾg]	'liver'
	Southern	جــەرگ	[d͡ʒæɾg]	'liver'
Kyrgyz		жаман / caman	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'	See Kyrgyz phonology
Ladino		djudyó/גﬞודיו	[d͡ʒudˈjo]	'Jew'
Latvian		dadži	[dad͡ʒi]	'thistles'	See Latvian phonology
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[7]	djèn	[d͡ʒɛːn²]	'Eugene'	See Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian		džiaugsmingas	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'gladsome'	See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер/džemper	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Maltese		ġabra	[d͡ʒab.ra]	'collection'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय/jay	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
Occitan	Provençal	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuve]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
Odia		ଜମି/jami	[d͡ʒɔmi]	'land'	Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
Ojibwe		iijikiwenh	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جــګ/jeg	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کـجـا/koja	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Standard	liczba	[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]	'number'
	Gmina Istebna	dziwny	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect^[8]
	Malbork dialect^[8]
	Ostróda dialect^[8]
	Warmia dialect^[8]
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects^[9]	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Portuguese	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	џем / džem	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво / đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
	Croatian	ђаво / đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[10]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Silesian	Jablunkov^[10]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Slovene		enačba	[eˈnáːd͡ʒbà]	'equation'	Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Tagalog		diyan	[d͡ʒän]	'there'	Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
Tatar	Mishar Dialect^[11]	can / җан	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'	In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter c (җ) is ⟨ʑ⟩.
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Tyap		jem	[d͡ʒem]	'hippopotamus'
Ubykh		[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian^[12]		джерело/džerelo	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		coza / جوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
Uzbek		jahon / жаҳон	[d͡ʒaˈhɒn]	'world'
Welsh		siop jips	[ʃɔp d͡ʒɪps]	'chip shop'	Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of /t͡ʃ/. See Colloquial Welsh morphology
West Frisian		siedzje	[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]	'to sow'	See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish		דזשוכע/juche	[d͡ʒʊxə]	'insect'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[13]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Features

Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian^[14]	dream	[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.^[14]^[15]^[16] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].^[15] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
	General American^[15]^[16]
	Received Pronunciation^[15]^[16]

Notes

^ Watson (2002:16)
^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^ ^a ^b Mangold (2005:51–52)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
^ Peters (2006:119)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
^ ^a ^b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
^ Leitzinger, Antero: Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)
^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^ Merrill (2008:108)
^ ^a ^b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wells (2008).

References

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180

External links

List of languages with [d̠ʒ] on PHOIBLE

[1] Watson (2002:16)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:13)

[3] Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)

[MangoldPA-4] Mangold (2005:51–52)

[5] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)

[6] Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.

[7] Peters (2006:119)

[Dubisz-8] Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)

[9] Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)

[Dąbrowska-10] Dąbrowska (2004:?)

[11] Leitzinger, Antero: Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)

[FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-12] Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.

[13] Merrill (2008:108)

[FOOTNOTECoxFletcher2017144-14] Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.

[FOOTNOTECruttenden2014177,_186–188,_192-15] Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.

[FOOTNOTEWells2008-16] Wells (2008).

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Features

Occurrence

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links