RPL (programming language)
| Paradigm | Concatenative (stack-based),[1] structured |
|---|---|
| Designed by | Hewlett-Packard |
| First appeared | 1984 (1986) |
| OS | HP calculators |
| Dialects | |
| System RPL, User RPL | |
| Influenced by | |
| RPN, Forth, Lisp[2] | |
RPL[5] is a handheld calculator operating system and application programming language used on Hewlett-Packard's scientific graphing RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) calculators of the HP 28, 48, 49 and 50 series, but it is also usable on non-RPN calculators, such as the 38, 39 and 40 series. Internally, it was also utilized by the 17B, 18C, 19B and 27S.[7]
RPL is a structured programming language based on RPN, but equally capable of processing algebraic expressions and formulae, implemented as a threaded interpreter.[8] RPL has many similarities to Forth, both languages being stack-based, as well as the list-based LISP. Contrary to previous HP RPN calculators, which had a fixed four-level stack, the dynamic stack used by RPL is only limited by available RAM, with the calculator displaying an error message when running out of memory rather than silently dropping arguments off the stack as in fixed-sized RPN stacks.[9]
RPL originated from HP's Corvallis, Oregon development facility in 1984 as a replacement for the previous practice of implementing the operating systems of calculators in assembly language.[7] The first calculator utilizing it internally was the HP-18C and the first calculator making it available to users was the HP-28C, both from 1986.[10][7] The last pocket calculator supporting RPL, the HP 50g, was discontinued in 2015.[11][12][13] However, multiple emulators that can emulate HP's RPL calculators exist that run on a range of operating systems, and devices, including iOS and Android smartphones. There are also a number of community projects to recreate and extend RPL on newer calculators, like newRPL[14][15] or DB48X,[16][17] which may add features or improve performance.[18]
Variants
[edit]The internal low- to medium-level variant of RPL, called System RPL (or SysRPL) is used on some earlier HP calculators as well as the aforementioned ones, as part of their operating system implementation language. In the HP 48 series this variant of RPL is not accessible to the calculator user without the use of external tools, but in the HP 49/50 series there is a compiler built into ROM to use SysRPL. It is possible to cause a serious crash while coding in SysRPL, so caution must be used while using it. The high-level User RPL (or UserRPL) version of the language is available on said graphing calculators for developing textual as well as graphical application programs. All UserRPL programs are internally represented as SysRPL programs, but use only a safe subset of the available SysRPL commands. The error checking that is a part of UserRPL commands, however, makes UserRPL programs noticeably slower than equivalent SysRPL programs. The UserRPL command SYSEVAL tells the calculator to process designated parts of a UserRPL program as SysRPL code.
Control blocks
[edit]RPL control blocks are not strictly postfix. Although there are some notable exceptions, the control block structures appear as they would in a standard infix language. The calculator manages this by allowing the implementation of these blocks to skip ahead in the program stream as necessary.
Conditional statements
[edit]IF/THEN/ELSE/END
[edit]RPL supports basic conditional testing through the IF/THEN/ELSE structure. The basic syntax of this block is:
IF condition THEN if-true [ELSE if-false] END
The following example tests to see if the number at the bottom of the stack is "1" and, if so, replaces it with "Equal to one":
« IF 1 == THEN "Equal to one" END »
The IF construct evaluates the condition then tests the bottom of the stack for the result. As a result, RPL can optionally support FORTH-style IF blocks, allowing the condition to be determined before the block. By leaving the condition empty, the IF statement will not make any changes to the stack during the condition execution and will use the existing result at the bottom of the stack for the test:
« 1 == IF THEN "Equal to one" END »
IFT/IFTE
[edit]Postfix conditional testing may be accomplished by using the IFT ("if-then") and IFTE ("if-then-else") functions.
IFT and IFTE pop two or three commands off the stack, respectively. The topmost value is evaluated as a Boolean and, if true, the second topmost value is pushed back on the stack. IFTE allows a third "else" value that will be pushed back on the stack if the Boolean is false.
The following example uses the IFT function to pop an object from the bottom of the stack and, if it is equal to 1, replaces it with "One":
« 1 == "One" IFT »
The following example uses the IFTE function to pop an object from the bottom of the stack and, if it is equal to 1, replaces it with "One". If it does not equal 1, it replaces it with the string "Not one":
« 1 == "One" "Not one" IFTE »
IFT and IFTE will evaluate a program block given as one of its arguments, allowing a more compact form of conditional logic than an IF/THEN/ELSE/END structure. The following example pops an object from the bottom of the stack, and replaces it with "One", "Less", or "More", depending on whether it is equal to, less than, or greater than 1.
« DUP 1 == « DROP "One" » « 1 < "Less" "More" IFTE » IFTE »
CASE/THEN/END
[edit]To support more complex conditional logic, RPL provides the CASE/THEN/END structure for handling multiple exclusive tests. Only one of the branches within the CASE statement will be executed. The basic syntax of this block is:
CASE condition_1 THEN if-condition_1 END ... condition_n THEN if-condition_n END if-none END
The following code illustrates the use of a CASE/THEN/END block. Given a letter at the bottom of the stack, it replaces it with its string equivalent or "Unknown letter":
«
CASE
DUP "A" == THEN "Alpha" END
DUP "B" == THEN "Beta" END
DUP "G" == THEN "Gamma" END
"Unknown letter"
END
SWAP DROP @ Get rid of the original letter
»
This code is identical to the following nested IF/THEN/ELSE/END block equivalent:
«
IF DUP "A" ==
THEN
"Alpha"
ELSE
IF DUP "B" == THEN
"Beta"
ELSE
IF DUP "G" == THEN
"Gamma"
ELSE
"Unknown letter"
END
END
END
SWAP DROP @ Get rid of the original letter
»
Looping statements
[edit]FOR/NEXT
[edit]RPL provides a FOR/NEXT statement for looping from one index to another. The index for the loop is stored in a temporary local variable that can be accessed in the loop. The syntax of the FOR/NEXT block is:
index_from index_to FOR variable_name loop_statement NEXT
The following example uses the FOR loop to sum the numbers from 1 to 10. The index variable of the FOR loop is "I":
«
0 @ Start with zero on the stack
1 10 @ Loop from 1 to 10
FOR I @ "I" is the local variable
I + @ Add "I" to the running total
NEXT @ Repeat...
»
START/NEXT
[edit]The START/NEXT block is used for a simple block that runs from a start index to an end index. Unlike the FOR/NEXT loop, the looping variable is not available. The syntax of the START/NEXT block is:
index_from index_to START loop_statement NEXT
FOR/STEP and START/STEP
[edit]Both FOR/NEXT and START/NEXT support a user-defined step increment. By replacing the terminating NEXT keyword with an increment and the STEP keyword, the loop variable will be incremented or decremented by a different value than the default of +1. For instance, the following loop steps back from 10 to 2 by decrementing the loop index by 2:
« 10 2 START -2 STEP »
WHILE/REPEAT/END
[edit]The WHILE/REPEAT/END block in RPL supports an indefinite loop with the condition test at the start of the loop. The syntax of the WHILE/REPEAT/END block is:
WHILE condition REPEAT loop_statement END
DO/UNTIL/END
[edit]The DO/UNTIL/END block in RPL supports an indefinite loop with the condition test at the end of the loop. The syntax of the DO/UNTIL/END block is:
DO loop_statement UNTIL condition END
See also
[edit]- A Programming Language (APL)
- FOCAL keystroke programming
- High Performance Language (HPL)
- HP trigraphs
- Prime Programming Language (PPL)
- RPL character set
Notes
[edit]- 1.^ "RPL" is derived from Reverse Polish Lisp according to its original developers,[19][20][21][22][23][24] while for a short time in 1987 HP marketing attempted to coin the backronym ROM-based Procedural Language for it.[2][24][25] In addition, the RPL initials are sometimes incorrectly interpreted as Reverse Polish Logic or Reverse Polish Language.[26]
References
[edit]- ^ "The Joy of Programming?". Museum of HP Calculators. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03.
- ^ a b Patton, Charles M. (August 1987). "Computation for Handheld Calculators" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. 38 (8). Palo Alto, California, USA: Hewlett-Packard Company: 21–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- ^ http://h41268.www4.hp.com/live/index_e.aspx?qid=20709&jumpid=va_r11363_us/en/any/tsg/pl_ot_ob_ds_pd/calculatoremulators_cc/dt[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/index.php?page=emulateurs
- ^ "Emulator of HP 50g with #2.16 ROM".
- ^ http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/uploads/emulateurs/HP50gVirtualCalculatorSetup_3_1_30.zip
- ^ a b c Hewlett-Packard. "RPLMan from Goodies Disk 4" (RPLMAN.ZIP). Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- ^ Horn, Joseph K. "What is RPL?". Archived from the original on 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
- ^ Wessman, Timothy "Tim" James (2016-06-21) [2016-06-20]. "What to do with stack overflow OBJ->/LIST->?". MoHPC - The Museum of HP Calculators. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ Wickes, William C. (January–February 1987). "The HP-28C: An Insider's Perspective". HPX Exchange. 1 (1). [1]
- ^ Kuperus, Klaas (2015-03-04). "HP 50g: End of an era". Moravia. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ Kuperus, Klaas (2015-03-06). "HP 50g not so good news?". Moravia. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ^ Wessman, Timothy "Tim" James (2015-12-26). "Windows 10 won't allow HP 50g USB drivers to be installed". MoHPC - The Museum of HP Calculators. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
- ^ Lapilli, Claudio Daniel (2014-01-03). "newRPL". Retrieved 2015-09-12. [2] (an open source RPL derivative for the HP 50g and HP 49g+, the HP 40gs, HP 39gs and hp 39g+ as well as the HP Prime)
- ^ Lapilli, Claudio Daniel (2021-07-23) [2014]. "newRPL Documentation Project". newRPL. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ de Dinechin, Christophe (2022). "DB48X on DM42 - RPL runtime for the DM42 calculator, in the spirit of HP48/49/50". DB48X. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ de Dinechin, Christophe (2023-02-03). "Reviving Reverse Polish Lisp - Building an open-source HP48-like calculator". FOSDEM. Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2023-10-03. (NB. An improved derivative of RPL called DB48X for the SwissMicros DM42 and DM32.)
- ^ Lapilli, Claudio Daniel (2014-10-31). "N-Queens on 50g (RPL language)". MoHPC - The Museum of HP Calculators. Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ Wickes, William C. (1988-10-01) [14–18 June 1988]. Forsely, Lawrence P. (ed.). RPL: A Mathematical Control Language. Proceedings of the 1988 Rochester Forth Conference: Programming Environments. Vol. 8. Rochester, New York, USA: Institute for Applied Forth Research, Inc., University of Rochester. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-0-91459308-9. OCLC 839704944.
Several existing operating systems and languages were considered, but none could meet all of the design objectives. A new system was therefore developed, which merges the threaded interpretation of Forth with the functional approach of Lisp. The resulting operating system, known unofficially as RPL (for Reverse-Polish Lisp), made its first public appearance in June of 1986 in the HP-18C Business Consultant calculator.
(NB. This title is often cited as "RPL: A Mathematics Control Language". An excerpt is available at: [3][4]) - ^ Wickes, William C. (1991-03-11). "RPL stands for Reverse Polish Lisp". www.hpcalc.org. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
RPL stands for Reverse Polish Lisp. In the early days of RPL development, we got tired of calling the unnamed system "the new system", and one of the development team came up with "RPL", both as a play on "RPN" which has been the loved/hated hallmark of HP calcs forever, and as an accurate indication of the derivation of the language from Forth and Lisp.
RPL was never particularly intended to be a public term; at the time of the HP Journal article (August 1987) on the HP 28C there was an attempt to create a less whimsical name--hence "ROM-based procedural language", which preserved the initials but had a more dignified sound. The development team never calls it anything but (the initials) RPL. You can choose either of the two full-word versions that you prefer. Or how about "Rich People's Language?" Bill Wickes, HP Corvallis. - ^ Schoorl, André (2000-04-04) [1997]. "HP48 Frequently Asked Questions List". HP Calculator Archive. p. 69. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- ^ "I've heard the names RPL, Saturn, STAR, GL etc... What are they? - RPL". FAQ: 2 of 4 - Hardware, Programs, and Programming. 4.62. comp.sys.hp48. 2000-04-14. 8.1. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- ^ Nelson, Richard J. (2012-04-04). "HP RPN Evolves" (PDF). HP Solve (27). Hewlett-Packard: 30–32. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- ^ a b Mier-Jędrzejowicz, Włodzimierz "Włodek" Anthony Christopher (July 1991). A Guide to HP Handheld Calculators and Computers (5 ed.). HHC 2011. ISBN 978-1-88884030-8. 1888840307.
RPL stands for Reverse Polish Lisp - it combined the RPN calculator language of earlier models with features of the Lisp and Forth programming languages. For a time HP explained the letters RPL as an acronym for "ROM-based Procedural Language".
- ^ "HP Celebrates 35 Years of Handheld Calculator Innovation". Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
1987: HP-28C: First full RPL calculator: In the late 1980s, HP developed a new programming language for its new series of extremely powerful calculators. By combining elements of RPN, Lisp and Forth, HP came up with a language called RPL (or ROM-based Procedural Language).
- ^ Rechlin, Eric; Marangon, Carlos. "HPedia: The HP Calculator Encyclopedia". www.hpcalc.org. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
Further reading
[edit]- HP 48G Series – User's Guide (UG) (8th ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90126, (00048-90104). Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [6]
- HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR) (4th ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90136, 0-88698-01574-2. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [7]
- HP 50g graphing calculator user's guide (UG) (1 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. April 2006. HP F2229AA-90006. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
- HP 50g / 49g+ / 48gII graphing calculator advanced user's reference manual (AUR) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard. 2009-07-14 [2005]. HP F2228-90010. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
- Kalinowski, Eduardo de Mattos; Dominik, Carsten (2002-04-24) [1998-07-12]. Programming in System RPL (PDF) (2 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2016-08-16. (Older version: [8])
- Donnelly, James (2009-03-01). Rechlin, Eric (ed.). An Introduction to HP 48 System RPL and Assembly Language Programming. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
External links
[edit]- Rechlin, Eric (2015) [1997]. "HP 49/50 Programming Documentation Files". HP Calculator Archive. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- Rechlin, Eric (2015) [1997]. "HP 48 Programming Documentation Files". HP Calculator Archive. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- Hicks, David G. (2013) [1995]. "RPL". The Museum of HP Calculators (MoHPC). Archived from the original on 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
- Bertrand, Joël (2015) [2009]. "RPL/2 - a new Reverse Polish Lisp". Retrieved 2015-09-12. (a GPL licensed RPL clone)
- Rubet, Louis (2017-07-01). "rpn - opensource implementation of RPL". GitHub. Retrieved 2015-09-12. (Open source implementation of RPL with arbitrary precision)
- Suárez, Alvaro Gerardo (2018-05-01). "MyRPL - Union between HP41 and HP48 languages". Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2018-05-04. (Mixed RPL (HP48) and FOCAL (HP41) language)